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Valdivia Temperate Rainforest is an area between 36 and 47° S. consisting of a majority of the country Chile and a small part of Argentina totaling about 12.7 million hectares.〔DellaSala, Dominick A. Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the World: Ecology and Conservation. Washington, DC: Island, 2011. Print.〕 The Valdivian forest is one of the few forested regions in the world with climate conditions to be considered a temperate climate. Its ecological systems provide habitat for a clustering of some of the highest biodiversity in the world. Many of the species are endemic to Valdivia and are decedents of Gondwana Species. For example, Araucaria araucana or "Monkey Puzzle Tree", and Fitzroya cupressoides "Alerce". Due to the region's unique landscape and biodiversity millions of visitors come to the area annually. National Parks in the region provide opportunities for many tourism operations. In an effort to help preserve and expand conserved areas Ecotourism or Sustainable Tourism plays a vital role. The economic benefits affect not only the park areas but also the local communities. Ecotourism accounts for 4.6% of Chile's GNP.〔Prideaux, Bruce, ed. "Rainforest Tourism, Conservation & Management: Challenges for Sustainable Development." The Earthscane From Routledge (2014): n. pag. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.〕 Since the 1980s Chile has been promoting ecotourism, and has seen annual increases in both visitors and income occur every year since.〔Armesto, J., J, C. Smith-Ramirez, and R. Rozzi. "Conservation Strategies for Biodiversity and Indigenous People in Chilean Forest Ecosystems." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand (2010): n. pag. Taylor & Francis Online. Web. 21 Nov. 2014. ==Protected areas== Approximately 14.1 million hectares of the Valdivian forest is in the Chilean government conservation park system SNASPE.〔Auchard, Anibal, and Pablo Villarroel. "Protected Areas in Chile: History, Current Status, and Challenges." Natural Areas Journal 22 (2002): 318-30. 2002. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.〕 La Corporación Nacional Foresta (CONAF), a Chilean government agency under the Ministry of Agriculture, make decision on forest policies and sustainable forest management.〔"Quiénes Somos." CONAF. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2014.〕 Funding is provided by several sources including government funding, park fees, and private investments.〔Prideaux, Bruce, ed. "Rainforest Tourism, Conservation & Management: Challenges for Sustainable Development." The Earthscane From Routledge (2014): n. pag. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.〕 SNASEP conservation land is divided into four different categories (1) Virgin Region Reserve (2) National Park (3) National Reserve (4) National Monument.〔Auchard, Anibal, and Pablo Villarroel. "Protected Areas in Chile: History, Current Status, and Challenges." Natural Areas Journal 22 (2002): 318-30. 2002. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.〕 Within National Parks CONAF identifies and assigns land into six different zones:〔Prideaux, Bruce, ed. "Rainforest Tourism, Conservation & Management: Challenges for Sustainable Development." The Earthscane From Routledge (2014): n. pag. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.〕 *Intangible *Primitive *Extensive *Intensive *Special Use *Recuperation Each of these zones have guidelines as to status and type of ecosystem and what kinds of activities may take place within that zone. Intangible and Primitive zones have little to no human interaction, although some allowances are made for scientific research and education purposes.〔Prideaux, Bruce, ed. "Rainforest Tourism, Conservation & Management: Challenges for Sustainable Development." The Earthscane From Routledge (2014): n. pag. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.〕 Extensive zones act as separation between other zones and infrastructure such as major road ways.〔Prideaux, Bruce, ed. "Rainforest Tourism, Conservation & Management: Challenges for Sustainable Development." The Earthscane From Routledge (2014): n. pag. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.〕 Intensive and Special Use zones have experienced the heaviest recreation traffic and supporting infrastructure. These can include service and recreation facilities, as well as administration buildings.〔Prideaux, Bruce, ed. "Rainforest Tourism, Conservation & Management: Challenges for Sustainable Development." The Earthscane From Routledge (2014): n. pag. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.〕 Recuperation zone is an interim designation, assigned to areas that have experienced a major disturbance and are in the process of recovering vegetation.〔Prideaux, Bruce, ed. "Rainforest Tourism, Conservation & Management: Challenges for Sustainable Development." The Earthscane From Routledge (2014): n. pag. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.〕 A majority of protected land is in small holdings. These tracts are held in the hands of private owners and are not included in an inventory of lands.〔DellaSala, Dominick A. Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the World: Ecology and Conservation. Washington, DC: Island, 2011. Print.〕 Some private buyers buy land to help protect it. Recent numbers show land bought for conservation by private owners Doug and Kris Tompkins totals around .5 million hectares.〔DellaSala, Dominick A. Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the World: Ecology and Conservation. Washington, DC: Island, 2011. Print.〕 Recently Chile "establish() the first Marine and Coastal Protected Areas, including one along the Valdivian coastline, to increase the amount of protected coastline."〔DellaSala, Dominick A. Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the World: Ecology and Conservation. Washington, DC: Island, 2011. Print.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ecotourism in the Valdivian Temperate Rainforest」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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